शेयर बाजार में कंपनी की बैलेंस शीट कैसे पढ़ें? (Step By Step Guide)

शेयर मार्केट में किसी कंपनी की बैलेंस शीट कैसे पढ़ें, बैलेंस शीट में क्या देखना चाहिए, Strong और Weak बैलेंस शीट में क्या फर्क है (Detailed Guide)

Stock market mein kisi bhi company ki financial health ko samajhne ke liye uski balance sheet ko samajhna zaroori hota hai.

Balance sheet ek aisi report hai jo company ke Assets (sampatti), Liabilities (karz) aur shareholders’ equity (equity) ko dikhati hai.

Is post mein hum step-by-step samjhenge ki balance sheet ko kaise padhna chahiye aur kaise pata karein ki company financially strong hai ya weak.

किसी कंपनी की बैलेंस शीट में क्या देखना चाहिए?

1. Balance Sheet Ka Overview

Balance sheet ko fundamentally do parts mein divide kiya jata hai:

• Assets (Assets kya hain?): Jo kuch bhi company ki ownership mein hota hai, jaise cash, inventory, property, machinery, etc.
• Liabilities aur Shareholders’ Equity (Liabilities kya hoti hain?): Company ke karz aur jo paisa shareholders ne invest kiya hai.

Isko samajhna key hota hai, kyunki har ek rupee ka company ke paas kuch value hota hai, ya to wo kisi asset mein hota hai ya kisi liability ke form mein.

2. Balance Sheet Ka Format Samjhiye

Balance sheet do tarikon se likhi jati hai:

1. Vertical Format – Sabse pehle liabilities aur phir assets ko vertically list kiya jata hai.
2. Horizontal Format – Assets ek side hoti hain aur liabilities + equity doosri side.

Is post mein, hum vertical format ke base par step-by-step samjhenge ho kuch is tarah dikhti hai–

3. Assets Ka Analysis Kaise Karein?

(a) Current Assets

Current assets wo hote hain jo 12 mahine ke andar cash mein convert kiye ja sakte hain. Ismein kuch important items hote hain:

Cash aur Cash Equivalents: Yeh wo paisa hai jo company ke pass liquidity mein available hai. Zyada cash hona generally achha mana jata hai, kyunki company ko zarurat padne par operation ke liye immediate fund mil sakta hai.

Inventory: Company ke pass jo maal (goods) available hai sale ke liye. Inventory zyada hone ka matlab ho sakta hai ki company ki sale achchi nahi ho rahi, lekin kuch cases mein yeh business ka nature bhi ho sakta hai, jaise retail companies.

Accounts Receivable: Kitna paisa customers se lena baki hai. Agar receivables bahut zyada hain to iska matlab company customers se timely payment nahi le pa rahi hai, jo ek red flag ho sakta hai.

(b) Non-Current Assets

Non-current assets wo hote hain jo long term ke liye hote hain, jaise property, plant, machinery, etc.

Property, Plant & Equipment (PP&E): Yeh company ki main tangible assets hote hain. Aapko dekhna chahiye ki in assets ki value badh rahi hai ya ghat rahi hai. Agar company regular invest kar rahi hai toh yeh accha sign hai.

Intangible Assets: Jaise patents, goodwill, trademarks, etc. Yeh ek signal hote hain ki company ke pass aise rights hain jo usko market mein edge de rahe hain.

4. Liabilities Aur Equity Ka Analysis Kaise Karein?

(a) Current Liabilities

Yeh wo karz ya obligations hote hain jo company ko agle 12 mahine mein chukane padenge.

Accounts Payable: Yeh wo paisa hai jo company ko suppliers ko dena hai. Agar payable zyada hai to dekhna padta hai ki company time pe payment kar rahi hai ya nahi.

Short-Term Debt: Company ke short term loans ya overdrafts. Agar company ka short-term debt bahut zyada hai aur uske pass cash kam hai, to liquidity crisis aa sakta hai.

(b) Non-Current Liabilities

Yeh wo obligations hote hain jo 12 mahine ke baad chukane hain, jaise long-term loans.

Long-Term Debt: Yeh wo loan hote hain jo company ne long term ke liye liye hote hain. Long-term debt ke upar dhyaan dena zaroori hai, kyunki agar company ke profits gir rahe hain aur debt zyada hai to company ka risk badh jata hai.

(c) Shareholders’ Equity

Yeh wo paisa hai jo shareholders ne invest kiya hai aur retained earnings jo company ne profit ke roop mein save kiye hain.

Retained Earnings: Yeh company ke cumulative profits hote hain jo company ne reinvest kiye hain ya future ke liye save rakhe hain. Zyada retained earnings hona ek accha sign hota hai.

Share Capital: Wo paisa jo company ne shareholders se raise kiya hai. Share capital ke comparison mein retained earnings zyada hone chahiye.

5. Key Ratios Jo Balance Sheet Ke Analysis Mein Help Karte Hain

Kuch ratios jo aapko company ke financial health ko samajhne mein help karenge:

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

• Agar yeh ratio 1 se zyada hai, to iska matlab company ke pass short-term obligations ko pura karne ke liye enough liquidity hai.

Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Shareholders’ Equity

• Agar yeh ratio bahut zyada hai, to iska matlab company ke upar karz zyada hai aur risk bhi zyada hai.

Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Shareholders’ Equity

• Yeh shareholders ke returns ko dikhata hai.

6. Company Ki Vacancy Kaise Find Karen?

Vacancy ka matlab hota hai company ke business mein koi khali jagah ya position. Iska matlab ho sakta hai growth ke naye opportunities. Vacancy ke liye aap:

• Company ke reports aur management commentary ko dekh sakte hain, jahan future expansion plans ke bare mein bataya jata hai.
• Conference calls aur investor presentations ko follow kar sakte hain, jisme management aane wale naye projects aur opportunities ke bare mein batata hai.

7. Strong vs Weak Balance Sheet

• Strong Balance Sheet: Zyada cash, kam karz, high retained earnings aur assets ka consistent growth.

• Weak Balance Sheet: Zyada debt, kam cash, receivables ka delay, ya non-performing assets ka hona.

Example:

• Reliance Industries ka analysis karein to dekhenge ki uske pass kaafi zyada cash aur tangible assets hain, jisse wo apni future expansion ko easily fund kar pa raha hai,
• aur wahi ek choti company jaise Vakrangee Limited ka high debt aur kam cash balance uske liye risky ho sakta hai.

FAQ’S Related Balance Sheet in Hindi

Yeh rahe 10 sawal aur unke jo balance sheet ke bare mein aksar puchhe jate hain:

1. Balance Sheet mein ‘Deferred Tax Assets’ kya hota hai?

• Deferred tax assets wo taxes hote hain jo company ne extra pay kar diye hain ya phir future mein usse tax benefits milne waale hain.
• Yeh assets tab bante hain jab company apni tax liability ko apne financial reporting se adjust karti hai.

2. ‘Goodwill’ ka matlab balance sheet mein kya hota hai?

• Goodwill ek intangible asset hai jo tab banta hai jab ek company dusri company ko uski fair market value se zyada paisa dekar acquire karti hai.
• Yeh goodwill tab tak balance sheet mein dikhti hai jab tak uski impairment nahi hoti.

3. Balance Sheet mein ‘Contingent Liabilities’ kya hoti hain?

• Contingent liabilities wo liabilities hoti hain jo future mein ho sakti hain ya nahi, depending on the outcome of a future event, jaise koi legal case ya warranty claim.
• Agar aisa case aata hai jo company ke against chala jata hai, to company ko liability chukani padti hai.

4. ‘Minority Interest’ ka kya matlab hota hai?

• Minority interest wo portion hota hai jo company ke subsidiary ke total ownership mein kisi dusre shareholder ka hissa hota hai.
• Yeh un shareholders ka share hota hai jo subsidiary ka controlling interest nahi rakhte.

5. ‘Reserves and Surplus’ kya hote hain?

• Reserves and surplus balance sheet mein wo profits hote hain jo company ne save kiye hain ya reserve mein rakhe hain future contingencies ke liye.
• Yeh retained earnings ka ek part hota hai, jo company reinvestment ya dividend ke liye save karti hai.

6. Balance Sheet mein ‘Provisions’ kya hoti hain?

• Provisions wo financial obligations hoti hain jo company ko future mein pay karni pad sakti hain, lekin exact amount aur time uncertain hota hai.
• Example ke liye, pension obligations ya warranties ke liye provisions banai ja sakti hain.

7. ‘Prepaid Expenses’ kya hota hai balance sheet mein?

• Prepaid expenses wo kharche hote hain jo company ne advance mein pay kar diye hote hain, lekin future periods mein uska benefit milega.
• Yeh current assets ke under aate hain.

8. Balance Sheet mein ‘Convertible Debt’ kya hota hai?

• Convertible debt wo debt hota hai jo bondholders ke paas option hota hai shares mein convert karne ka.
• Iska matlab bondholders apna loan stock mein convert kar sakte hain agar unko lagta hai ki stock ki value badh rahi hai.

9. ‘Capital Work in Progress’ kya hota hai?

• Capital work in progress wo projects ya assets hote hain jo abhi construction ya development ke phase mein hote hain.
• Jab tak yeh projects complete nahi hote, yeh assets ke roop mein record nahi hote, balki CWIP ke under list hote hain.

10. Balance Sheet mein ‘Accrued Expenses’ kya hote hain?

• Accrued expenses wo kharche hote hain jo company ne abhi tak pay nahi kiye hain lekin uske upar liability create ho chuki hai.
• Yeh current liabilities ke under aate hain, jaise salary payable ya interest payable.

11. ‘Accrued Revenue’ balance sheet mein kya hota hai?

• Accrued revenue wo revenue hota hai jo company ne earn kar liya hai lekin uska payment abhi tak receive nahi hua.
• Yeh current assets ke under dikhaya jata hai, jaise kisi service ke liye invoice create kiya ho lekin paisa future mein milega.

12. ‘Share Premium’ kya hota hai?

• Share premium wo additional amount hota hai jo company ko shares ke issue price aur face value ke beech ka difference hota hai.
• Agar shares face value se zyada price par issue hote hain, to yeh surplus premium ke roop mein dikha jata hai.

13. Balance Sheet mein ‘Lease Liabilities’ kya hota hai?

• Lease liabilities wo financial obligations hoti hain jo company ko lease agreement ke terms ke according future mein chukani hoti hain.
• Yeh ek liability ke roop mein tab record hoti hain jab company koi asset lease par leti hai.

14. ‘Working Capital’ ka matlab kya hota hai?

• Working capital ko calculate karte hain current assets minus current liabilities.
• Agar working capital positive hai, to iska matlab company ke pass short-term obligations ko pura karne ke liye sufficient assets hain.
• Negative working capital ek risk ho sakta hai.

15. Balance Sheet mein ‘Retained Earnings’ aur ‘Dividends’ ka kya relation hai?

• Retained earnings wo profits hote hain jo company ne save kiye hain aur jo shareholders ko dividend ke roop mein nahi diye gaye hain.
• Dividend pay karne ke baad jo paisa bachta hai wo retained earnings mein jata hai, jo company future investments ke liye save karti hai.

16. ‘Trade Payables’ kya hota hai balance sheet mein?

• Trade payables wo paisa hota hai jo company ko apne suppliers ko goods ya services ke liye dena hota hai.
• Yeh current liabilities ke under aata hai aur isse business ke day-to-day operations manage kiye jate hain.

17. Balance Sheet mein ‘Preference Shares’ kya hoti hain?

• Preference shares wo shares hote hain jo dividend ke case mein equity shareholders se pehle preference ko enjoy karte hain.
• In shareholders ko fixed dividend milta hai, chahe company profit banaye ya na banaye, aur unka capital return bhi pehle hota hai.

18. Balance Sheet mein ‘Capital Reserves’ ka kya matlab hota hai?

• Capital reserves wo funds hote hain jo company specific transactions, jaise asset sale, debenture redemption, ya revaluation of assets ke through generate karti hai.
• Yeh reserves regular operational profit se nahi aate.

19. ‘Inventory Turnover Ratio’ ka kya role hota hai balance sheet mein?

• Inventory turnover ratio ko company ki balance sheet aur profit & loss statement ke sath analyze kiya jata hai.
• Yeh ratio batata hai ki company apne inventory ko kitni baar sell kar pa rahi hai ek financial period mein.
• Zyada ratio accha hota hai kyunki yeh stock movement aur sales efficiency dikhata hai.

20. ‘Secured vs Unsecured Liabilities’ ka kya farak hota hai?

• Secured liabilities wo hote hain jo kisi asset ke against liye gaye hote hain, jaise land ya property ke against loan.
• Unsecured liabilities mein koi collateral nahi hota, jaise credit cards ya unsecured loans.
• Secured liabilities ke chukta na hone par company ko apna collateral dena padta hai.

Yeh FAQ’s aapko balance sheet ko aur deeply samajhne mein madad karenge, aur company ke financials ka achhe se analysis karne mein useful honge.

Balance Sheet All terms in Hindi

Yeh rahe balance sheet ke andar aane wale sabhi important items aur terms ke saath unka ek line me matlab:

1. Assets (संपत्ति): Company ke paas jo bhi resources hain jo future economic benefits denge.

2. Current Assets: Assets jo ek saal ke andar cash mein convert ho sakte hain.

3. Cash & Cash Equivalents: Company ke paas available immediate cash aur near-cash items, jaise bank balance.

4. Accounts Receivable: Customer se company ko milne wale unpaid bills ya outstanding payments.

5. Inventory: Company ke paas available finished goods, raw materials, aur work-in-progress items.

6. Prepaid Expenses: Aise kharche jo advance mein pay kiye gaye hain, lekin future periods mein use honge.

7. Non-Current Assets: Assets jo ek saal se zyada period tak company ke paas rehte hain.

8. Property, Plant & Equipment (PP&E): Company ke physical long-term assets jaise buildings, machines, aur equipment.

9. Intangible Assets: Company ke non-physical assets, jaise patents, trademarks, aur goodwill.

10. Goodwill: Wo value jo company acquire karne par, uski actual value se zyada pay karti hai.

11. Deferred Tax Assets: Future tax benefits jo company ko ab tak ki overpaid taxes ke karan milenge.

12. Investment in Subsidiaries: Parent company ka investment apni subsidiary companies mein.

13. Capital Work in Progress (CWIP): Aise assets jo abhi construction ya development stage mein hain.

14. Liabilities (दायित्व): Company ke financial obligations ya debts jo wo future mein chukani padegi.

15. Current Liabilities: Aise obligations jo ek saal ke andar settle karne hote hain.

16. Accounts Payable: Suppliers ko outstanding payments jo company ne ab tak nahi diye.

17. Short-term Debt: Aise loans ya financial obligations jo ek saal ke andar pay karne hote hain.

18. Accrued Expenses: Aise kharche jo ab tak pay nahi kiye gaye hain, lekin liability create ho gayi hai.

19. Unearned Revenue: Advance mein received payments jo company ne ab tak service ya product deliver nahi kiya.

20. Provisions: Financial reserves future ke possible obligations ko cover karne ke liye, jaise legal ya tax disputes.

21. Non-Current Liabilities: Aise obligations jo ek saal se zyada time mein pay karne hote hain.

22. Long-term Debt: Aise loans ya financial obligations jo ek saal ke baad pay karne hote hain.

23. Deferred Tax Liabilities: Aise taxes jo future mein pay karne padenge due to timing differences in accounting.

24. Bonds Payable: Aise debts jo bonds issue karke raise kiye gaye hote hain aur long-term liability ke under aate hain.

25. Lease Liabilities: Aise financial obligations jo lease agreements ke through bante hain.

26. Contingent Liabilities: Potential obligations jo future mein tabhi pay karne padte hain jab kuch specific events hote hain.

27. Equity (शेयरधारक इक्विटी): Company ke assets mein shareholders ka hissa, jo total assets se total liabilities ko minus karne par banta hai.

28. Share Capital: Wo paisa jo company ko shares issue karne par milta hai.

29. Retained Earnings: Company ke bache hue profits jo dividend ke roop mein shareholders ko nahi diye gaye hain.

30. Reserves and Surplus: Profits ka wo hissa jo company ne save ya reserve karke rakha hai future needs ke liye.

31. Share Premium: Wo extra amount jo shares ki face value se zyada pay kiya gaya ho.

32. Treasury Shares: Wo shares jo company khud se repurchase kar chuki hai aur ab available nahi hain market mein.

33. Minority Interest: Subsidiary company mein dusre investors ka ownership hissa, jo parent company ke paas nahi hota.

34. Total Equity and Liabilities: Total liabilities aur equity ka sum, jo total assets ke barabar hota hai.

35. Net Worth: Total assets se total liabilities ko minus karne par jo value banti hai.

36. Working Capital: Current assets minus current liabilities, jo company ke short-term liquidity ko dikhata hai.

37. Convertible Debt: Wo debt jo bondholders shares mein convert kar sakte hain.

38. Trade Receivables: Company ke customers se outstanding payments jo milne hain.

39. Trade Payables: Suppliers ko due payments jo ab tak pay nahi kiye gaye hain.

40. Fixed Assets: Long-term physical assets jaise land, building, aur machinery.

41. Net Fixed Assets: Fixed assets ki value minus depreciation.

42. Accrued Interest: Ab tak pay nahi kiya gaya interest jo liability ke roop mein record hota hai.

43. Marketable Securities: Short-term investments jo easily cash mein convert ho sakte hain.

44. Sundry Debtors: Customers jo ab tak apna due payment nahi kar paaye hain.

45. Sundry Creditors: Suppliers jinhe company ne ab tak apne dues nahi chukaye hain.

46. Depreciation: Fixed assets ki value mein kami jo time ke sath hoti hai.

47. Amortization: Intangible assets ki value mein kami jo time ke sath hoti hai.

48. Non-Controlling Interest: Subsidiary company mein dusre shareholders ka ownership hissa.

49. Operating Lease: Aise leases jo short-term hote hain aur assets ko balance sheet mein nahi record kiya jata.

50. Finance Lease: Aise leases jo long-term hote hain aur assets ko balance sheet mein record kiya jata hai.

51. Earnings Per Share (EPS): Company ke net income ko outstanding shares ke against divide karne par jo value aati hai.

Yeh sabhi terms share market mein kisi bhi company ki balance sheet ko thoroughly samajhne mein help karegi aur aapka analysis aur detailed ho jayega.

CONCLUSION

Balance sheet ka analysis ek zaroori step hota hai stock market mein kisi bhi company ko invest karne se pehle. Har ek item ko detail mein samajhna aur right financial ratios ko use karna aapko ek acchi company choose karne mein madad karega.

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अगर आपको शेयर मार्केट में कोई टॉपिक समझ में नहीं आ रहा है तो आप नीचे अपना सवाल पूछ सकते हैं हम जल्द ही आपके दिए टॉपिक पर नई विस्तार से पोस्ट देखने की कोशिश करेंगे 🙏🙏🙏